To his excellency the most exalted, the most eminentthe british high commissioner in egypt. These territories included the arabian peninsula, syria including. During the 1800s, the ottoman empire, the ruling government of much of the islamic world since the 15c, grew weaker in relation to europe. Feb 07, 2017 sykespicot agreement and the balfour declaration the 20th century world history khan academy duration. A letter from british high commissioner sir henry mcmahon. Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access personal subscriptions. His majestys government are committed by sir henry mcmahons letter to the sherif on october 24, 1915, to its inclusion in the boundaries of arab independence. Hussein mcmahon correspondence aftermath independent kingdom of syria march 1920august 1920 league of nations mandates lawrences post war advocacy the damascus protocol may 1915 the document which faisal bin hussein son of hussein bin ali is presented with independence from. Moreover, we the sherifs family will consider ourselves free in work and deed. Nov 09, 2015 the origins of the mcmahonhussein correspondence and the subsequent official interpretations, and the controversies surrounding those interpretations are essential to the understanding of a great deal of middleeastern diplomatic history during and after the first world war, as well as of the palestinian dispute in the 1920s and 1930s. As sharif, hussein was responsible for the custody of islams shrines in the hejaz and, consequently, was recognized as one of the muslims spiritual leaders. Aug 06, 2016 lieutenant colonel sir arthur henry mcmahon gcmg gcvo kcie csi kstj, was a british indian army officer and diplomat who served as the high commissioner in egypt from 1915 to 1917.
When, in midaugust, husseins note of 14 july i915 arrived in cairo, to open the longdrawnout correspondence, it was received. Husseinmcmahon correspondence aftermath independent kingdom of syria march 1920august 1920 league of nations mandates lawrences post war advocacy the damascus protocol may 1915 the document which faisal bin hussein son of hussein bin ali is presented with independence from. The mcmahonhussein correspondence, or the husseinmcmahon correspondence, was an exchange of letters 14 july 1915 to 30 january 1916 during world war i, between the sharif of mecca, husayn bin ali, and sir henry mcmahon, british high commissioner in egypt, concerning the political status of lands under the ottoman empire. The mcmahonhussein correspondence 14 july 1915 10 march 1916 mcmahon was british high commissioner in egypt and ali ibn husain was the sherif of mecca during the first world war.
Husaynmcmahon correspondence international encyclopedia. Letters between hussein ibn ali and sir henry mcmahon. Translation of a letter from sharif husayn of mecca to sir henry mcmahon, his. Macmahons correspondence with sharif husayn 1915 in a letter dated the 24th of october, 1915, sir henry mcmahon, then his majestys high commissioner in egypt, promises the sharif of mecca, husayn ibn ali, to recognise and support the independence of the arabs within the territories proposed by him. Sykespicot agreement and the balfour declaration the 20th century world history khan academy duration.
Beginning in the summer of 1915, sir henry mcmahon 18621949, british high commissioner in cairo, exchanged letters with hussein ibn ali 1853541931, the sherif of mecca. Toward the end of world war i, when the imminent fall of the ottoman empire was clear to the belligerents, the governments of britain and france started discussing the division of spoils. Wwi document archive 1915 documents letters between hussein ibn ali and sir henry mcmahon the mcmahon letter from the israelarab reader, 3rd ed. The husseinmcmahon correspondence of 1915 was a series of a letters between the arabs and the british. The agreement born of these discussions is the sykes pico. The mcmahonhussein correspondence and the question of. The origins of the mcmahonhussein correspondence and the subsequent official interpretations, and the controversies surrounding those interpretations are essential to the understanding of a great deal of middleeastern diplomatic history during and after the first world war, as well as of the palestinian dispute in the 1920s and 1930s. Cmd 5974 report of a committee set up to consider certain correspondence between sir henry mcmahon and the sharif of mecca in 1915 and 1916. The mcmahon hussein correspondence 14 july 1915 10 march 1916 mcmahon was british high commissioner in egypt and ali ibn husain was the sherif of mecca during the first world war. The husseinmcmahon correspondence july 1915august 1916.
The mcmahonhussein correspondence 14 july 1915 10 march. In a series of ten letters from 1915 to 1916 mcmahon tried to attract arab support against the ottoman empire. The controversy isaiah friedman is talking about the hussein mcmahon correspondence, and the rightful ownership and national connection to the land west of the jordan river. The controversy over this question is half a century old. The exchange of letters became known as the husseinmcmahon correspondence. The correspondence explored the terms of an angloarab alliance and britains material support for a hashemiteled arab. Translation of a letter from sharif husayn of mecca to sir henry mcmahon, his majestys high commissioner at cairo, july 14, 1915. The mcmahonhussein correspondence 14 july 1915 10 march 1916. Husaynmcmahon correspondence 24 october 1915 mcmahon his majestys high commissioner in egyptand the sharif of mecca in 1915 and 1916, march 16, 1939, cmd 5974. The mcmahonhusayn correspondence 1915 exchange of correspondence between sharif husayn of mecca and sir henry mcmahon, his majestys high commissioner at cairo, 1915. If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. In july 1915, hussein sent a letter to sir henry mcmahon, the high commissioner for egypt, informing him of the terms for arab participation in the war against.
Archived on 10 january 2015 correspondence was published in english first by george antonius, the arab awakening london, 1938, and next in a british white paper, cmd. So contentious is this dispute that even the scholarly community is hugely affected by the major events of the past one hundred ye. With the entry of the ottoman empire on germanys side in nov. Ali, emir of mecca, and sir henry mcmahon, the british high commissioner in egypt. The mcmahonhussein correspondence, or the husseinmcmahon correspondence, was a protracted exchange of letters july 14, 1915 to january 30, 1916 1 during world war i, between the sharif of mecca, husayn bin ali, and sir henry mcmahon, british high commissioner in egypt, concerning the future political status of the lands under the ottoman empire.
The following excerpt is from a letter from october. Husayn mcmahon correspondence 24 october 1915 mcmahon his majestys high commissioner in egyptand the sharif of mecca in 1915 and 1916, march 16, 1939, cmd 5974. The hussein mcmahon correspondence was an exchange of letters from 14th of july 1915 to 30th january 1916, during world war i, between the sharif of mecca, hussein bin ali, and sir henry mcmahon, british high commissioner in egypt, concerning the political status of lands under the ottoman empire. The rights of minorities will be issued on condition that the rights of the muslim minorities in neighboring countries are protected. As for the region lying within those frontiers wherein great britain is free to act without detriment to. The arabs were promised independence and protection of their the religious sites, in turn for assisting the british overthrow the ottomans out of the middle east. As for the region lying within those frontiers wherein great britain is free. Mcmahonhussein correspondence july 14, 1915 march 10, 1916. Husayn mcmahon correspondence 24 october 1915 mcmahon his majestys high commissioner in egypt. The hussein mcmahon correspondence conspicuously fails to mention palestine. The whole correspondence can be found a number of places online, such as here. The mcmahonhussein agreement was to greatly complicate middle east history and seemed to directly clash with the balfour.
Mcmahonhussein correspondence wikisource, the free. Mideastweb, mcmahon hussein correspondence, 19151916. Husaynmcmahon correspondence international encyclopedia of. As for the region lying within those frontiers wherein great britain is free to act without. In these letters, which became known as the hussein mcmahon correspondence, mcmahon agreed to support hussein s request for.
Sep 10, 2017 information about this edition edition. The mcmahon agreement refers to the husseinmcmahon correspondence, i. The british government was bound to seek french agreement on promises made to sharif hussein. Letters between hussein ibn ali and sir henry mcmahon world. The area promised to the arabs in mcmahons letter of oct 1915 excluded. A letter from british high commissioner sir henry mcmahon to sharif hussein of mecca from sir henry mcmahon, 24 october 1915 i have received your letter of the 29th shawal, 33, with much pleasure and your expressions of friendliness and sincerity have given me the greatest satisfaction.
Origins of the middle east conflict the mcmahonhussein. The mcmahon agreement altahrir, news of islam, muslims. October 2011, canadians for justice and peace in the middle east what is the mcmahonhussein correspondence. The mcmahon hussein correspondence concessions to france that did not extend to the four towns that alfaruqi had named. The mcmahonhusayn correspondence has been at the heart of angloarab relations since world war i. One land claimed by two peoples israelpalestine remains the unanswered. As for those regions lying within those frontiers wherein great britain is free to act without detriment. Hussein, and very many arab people, considered palestine to be purely arab.
A letter from british high commissioner sir henry mcmahon to. Wwi document archive 1915 documents letters between hussein ibn ali and sir henry mcmahon. The mcmahonhussein correspondence, or the husseinmcmahon correspondence, was a protracted exchange of letters 14 july 1915 to 30 january 1916 during world war i, between the sharif of mecca, husayn bin ali, and sir henry mcmahon, british high commissioner in egypt, concerning the future. Balfour declaration, statement on november 2, 1917, of british support for the establishment in palestine of a national home for jewish people. The mcmahonhussein correspondence concessions to france that did not extend to the four towns that alfaruqi had named. The mcmahonhussein correspondence is a series of letters that were exchanged during world war i in which the united kingdom government agreed to recognize arab independence after the war in exchange for the sharif of mecca launching the arab revolt against the ottoman empire. The mcmahonhussein agreement of october 1915 was accepted by palestinians as a promise by the british that after world war one, land previously held by the turks would be returned to the arab nationals who lived in that land. Media in category mcmahonhussein correspondence the following 6 files are in this category, out of 6 total. As for those regions lying within those frontiers wherein great britain is free to act without detriment to the interests of her ally, france. The controversy isaiah friedman is talking about the hussein mcmahon correspondence, and the righ. A letter from british high commissioner sir henry mcmahon to sharif hussein of mecca from sir henry mcmahon, 24 october 1915 i have received your letter of the 29th shawal, 33, with much pleasure and your expressions of friendliness and sincerity have. In general terms, the correspondence effectively traded british support of an independent arab state in exchange for arab assistance in opposing the ottoman empire. Complete document in pdf format requires acrobat reader.
As for those regions lying within those frontiers wherein great britain is free to act. Here, it is examined in historical context to determine why it was so obscure and what lay in the minds of those who drafted it. It aroused great controversy, particularly over palestine. The correspondence had a significant impact on middle eastern history during and after the war, and a dispute over.
Nov 19, 2012 the confusion arose from one small phrase in the correspondence between mcmahon and hussein. Mcmahon husayn correspondence 1915 1916 a t the awakening of arab nationalism and the start of the first world war 19141918, the european governments attempted to gain the sympathies of the arabs with promises of independence from the ottoman empire and other foreign powers. Mcmahon hussein correspondence july 14, 1915 march 10, 1916. Jul 07, 2015 the mcmahon letters to hussein were probably mostly produced through oriental secretary ronald storrs and the british foreign office, though mcmahon signed them. Free arabisraeli conflict and british influence essay the 1915 husseinmcmahon correspondence was established between the british and arabs. When, in midaugust, hussein s note of 14 july i915 arrived in cairo, to open the longdrawnout correspondence, it was received. The first letter, proposing an alliance, in full except for the florid arab greetings. The correspondence promised british support for an arab independence if the arabs revolted.
The mcmahonhussein correspondence, or the husseinmcmahon correspondence, was a protracted exchange of letters 14 july 1915 to 30 january 1916 during world war i, between the sharif of mecca, husayn bin ali, and sir henry mcmahon, british high commissioner in egypt, concerning the future political status of the lands under the ottoman empire. Causes of the arabisraeli conflict essay example for free newyorkessays database with more than 65000 college essays for studying. Lieutenant colonel sir arthur henry mcmahon gcmg gcvo kcie csi kstj, was a british indian army officer and diplomat who served as the high commissioner in egypt from 1915 to 1917. Translation of a letter from mcmahon to husayn, august 30, 1915.
The central figure in the arab nationalist movement at the time of world war i was hussein ibn ali, who was appointed by the turkish committee of union and progress to the position of sharif of mecca in 1908. Mcmahonhussein correspondence wikisource, the free online. Slowly the empire began to lose its lands in north africa and the balkans to european powers and nationalist movements. The husseinmcmahon correspondence jewish virtual library. Many sources report that this agreement conflicted with the husseinmcmahon correspondence of 19151916. Mcmahon, in his letter to hussein of 24 october 1915, named the wilayahs of damascus, homs, hama, and aleppo as being the ottoman territories in, and to the east of which, but not to the.
The mcmahon hussein correspondence, or the hussein mcmahon correspondence, was a protracted exchange of letters 14 july 1915 to 30 january 1916 during world war i, between the sharif of mecca, husayn bin ali, and sir henry mcmahon, british high commissioner in egypt, concerning the future political status of the lands under the ottoman empire. Conflicting british government interpretations of the. It was made in a letter from the british foreign secretary to a leader of the anglojewish community and was later included in the british mandate over palestine. Mcmahon was british high commissioner in egypt and ali ibn husain was the. In the interest of anglofrench relations, though, a more precise agreement on the postwar partition of arab lands was needed. With great cheerfulness and delight i received your letter dated the 19th shawal, 33 the 30th august, 1915, and have given it great consideration and regard, in spite of the impression i received from it of ambiguity and its tone of coldness and hesitation with regard to. Historiography of the hussein mcmahon correspondence the. The husseinmcmahon correspondence was an exchange of letters between hussein ibn ali, the sharif of mecca, and sir henry mcmahon, the high commissioner in cairo during the first world war. Sep 10, 2017 moreover, we the sherifs family will consider ourselves free in word and deed from the bonds of our previous declaration which we made through ali effendi the sherifs messenger and aide. May 26, 2015 the mcmahonhussein agreement of october 1915 was accepted by palestinians as a promise by the british that after world war one, land previously held by the turks would be returned to the arab nationals who lived in that land.
The balfour declaration, however, is only mentioned by kedourie in passing because it falls outside the scope of his study. The british argued the omission had been intentional, thereby justifying their refusal to grant the arabs independence in palestine after the war. Land that cannot be said to be purely arab was excluded from the agreement as far as the british were concerned. Pdf mcmahon hussein correspondence, 19151916 sir henry mcmahon to sharif hussein, 24 october 1915 the entire correspondence was published in english first by george antonius, the arab awakening london, 1938, and next in a british white paper, cmd. The mcmahonhussein correspondence, or the husseinmcmahon correspondence, was an exchange of letters 14 july 1915 to 30 january 1916 1 during world war i, between the sharif of mecca, husayn bin ali, and sir henry mcmahon, british high commissioner in egypt, concerning the political status of lands under the ottoman empire.
Did the mcmahonhussein specifically promise to grant the. The mcmahon hussein correspondence is a series of letters that were exchanged during world war i in which the united kingdom government agreed to recognize arab independence after the war in exchange for the sharif of mecca launching the arab revolt against the ottoman empire. This correspondence reflects the promises of the britains to the arabs. Mcmahonhusain correspondence report of arabuk committee. Sir henry mcmahon 18621949, british high commissioner in cairo, negotiated in 191516 with husayn ibn ali, the sherif of mecca. Mcmahonhussein correspondence military wiki fandom. Jan 26, 2015 his majestys government are committed by sir henry mcmahons letter to the sherif on october 24, 1915, to its inclusion in the boundaries of arab independence. It has also been reported that the publication of the sykespicot agreement caused the resignation of sir henry mcmahon. The entire correspondence was published in english first by george antonius, the arab awakening london, 1938, and next in a british white paper, cmd. The mcmahonhussein agreement was to greatly complicate middle east history and seemed to directly clash with. Moreover, we the sherifs family will consider ourselves free in work and. His principal conclusion is that the sykespicot agreement did not violate the commitments contained in the mcmahonhussein correspondence.
The husaynmcmahon correspondence refers to the ten letters exchanged between husayn ibn ali, king of hejaz c. The husaynmcmahon correspondence mapped out with studied. The mcmahon letters to hussein were probably mostly produced through oriental secretary ronald storrs and the british foreign office, though mcmahon signed them. Conflicting british government interpretations of the hussein mcmahon correspondence of 1915, showing interpretations from 1918 and 1922.
The major causes of the arabisraeli conflict were foreign interference, nationalism and the collapse of the ottoman empire. Access to society journal content varies across our titles. Archived on 10 january 2015 archived on 10 january 2015 correspondence was published in english first by george antonius, the arab awakening london, 1938, and next in a british white paper, cmd. Correspondence between sir henry mcmahon and the sherif hussein of mecca cmd 5957. The mcmahon promise to hussein the balfour project. The mcmahonhussein correspondence was a series of letters exchanged during world war i in which the british government agreed to recognize arab independence after the war in exchange for the sharif of mecca launching the arab revolt against the ottoman empire. Mcmahon agreement facts, summary, demands, overview. Mideastweb, mcmahonhussein correspondence, 19151916. The mcmahonhussein correspondence and the question of palestine. The mcmahonhussein correspondence is a series of letters that were exchanged during. Husseinmcmahon correspondence by alex keresztes on prezi.
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